The framework is actually divided into four major elements. A good clinical question will address most, if not all, aspects of the PICO nursing questions. The following are the parameters defined by PICO (T) when it comes to designing of clinical questions: P: Patient, Problem, Population. I: Intervention. Aug 9, 2023 · Question Type & Study Design. Some study designs are better suited to answer certain types of questions. Identifying the clinical domain your question falls under can help determine what study designs to look for in order to find the best, most suitable evidence. Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses are always preferred. Aug 29, 2023 · Concepts from the PICO(T) question are used to construct a comprehensive database search strategy with search terms describing each relevant component of the PICO(T). Relevant elements of your PICO(T) question can be used to develop an initial list of keywords (including synonyms) to use in a database search. The most important parts of a PICO ... A simple database search strategy should begin with the AND : cross infection AND (Handwashing OR Hand disinfection) Start with CINAHL or Medline/PubMed as initial article databases for a scoping search for most health sciences questions.A simple database search strategy should begin with the AND : cross infection AND (Handwashing OR Hand disinfection) Start with CINAHL or Medline/PubMed as initial article databases for a scoping search for most health sciences questions.If you are planning to create a systematic review, it is usually best to start with a PICO style question, it provides structure and boundaries to the task. Let’s try: To search for the core topics discussed in your review, you are probably going to want to use a combination of approaches. You are probably going to need to use the subject ...What PICO means. P: Population/disease ( i.e. age, gender, ethnicity, with a certain disorder) I: Intervention or Variable of Interest (exposure to a disease, risk behavior, prognostic factor) C: Comparison: (could be a placebo or "business as usual" as in no disease, absence of risk factor, Prognostic factor B ) O: Outcome: (risk of disease ...Aug 22, 2023 · What is PICO? PICO is a pneumonic that stands for Patient/Problem, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome. PICO is one of many frameworks used to create answerable research questions. PICO is chosen for this course because it is useful in finding quantitative research as is required for Nursing Research courses. PICO is used to help keep ... PICO and 2×2 table for question about test accuracy. Population of interest=women aged 40–74 years without a history of breast cancer. Investigated test result=positive result on mammography. Comparator test result=negative result on mammography. Outcome=breast cancer according to biopsy (or not) View inline. When constructing your PICO question, a few important points to bear in mind: Your patient is a member of a population as well as a person with (or at risk for) a health problem . Factors to consider include age, sex, comorbid conditions, past medical history, socioeconomic status or other demographic variables, as these factors may impact your ... Clarifying the key elements of the question is a critical first step toward providing an answer to inform a decision, or for a researcher to frame the research to be done. The PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparator, and Outcomes) model captures the key elements and is a good strategy to provide answerable questions. [1]Table 2.1, PICO questions for the recommendations in women (the general population of women ...Aug 9, 2023 · Question Type & Study Design. Some study designs are better suited to answer certain types of questions. Identifying the clinical domain your question falls under can help determine what study designs to look for in order to find the best, most suitable evidence. Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses are always preferred. Question 1. Question 2. Question 3. Population. Children <6 years of age. AND. Diagnosed with ADHD or at risk for ADHD or diagnosed with DBD (including ODD and CD by DSM) ≥6 years of age (subjects <6 years are described in Question 1) Diagnosed with ADHD by the DSM or ICD criteria that was in use at the time of the study or of the publication.PICOT: This evidence-based project answered the following question: In rehabilitation patients, what is the effect of a nurse-driven protocol (NDP) CAUTI bundle on the number of indwelling urinary catheter-related infections, compared to the current practice, over a 12-week time period? Evidence Level of Evidence What is a PICO Question? PICO is an acronym used for exploring clinical questions. It serves as a framework for evidence-based practice. P (Problem and Population) What health problem is your selected intervention intended to solve? Identify what population of people will benefit the most from your chosen intervention.Jan 20, 2010 · Clinical questions could arise in situations such as the following: You become uncertain, during a patient encounter, about the desirability of a particular diagnostic or therapeutic choice. You encounter a product advertisement in a journal in which you are encouraged to purchase and use a particular technology for your patients. Aug 9, 2023 · Question Type & Study Design. Some study designs are better suited to answer certain types of questions. Identifying the clinical domain your question falls under can help determine what study designs to look for in order to find the best, most suitable evidence. Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses are always preferred. Sep 26, 2020 · The word PICOT is a mnemonic derived from the elements of a clinical research question – patient, intervention, comparison, outcome and (sometimes) time. The PICOT process begins with a case scenario, and the question is phrased to elicit an answer. “The question needs to identify the patient or population we intend to study, the ... PICO and 2×2 table for question about test accuracy. Population of interest=women aged 40–74 years without a history of breast cancer. Investigated test result=positive result on mammography. Comparator test result=negative result on mammography. Outcome=breast cancer according to biopsy (or not) View inline.Aug 16, 2023 · 2. Foreground questions are specific knowledge questions . that affect clinical decisions and ; include a broad range of biological, psychological, and sociological issues. Foreground questions are best suited to the PICO model as it captures the essential elements of your information need to help translate that question into a search query. To ... These questions are often looking at specific patients or populations, which is why the PICO(T) framework is used. They are often very specific or complex in comparison to background questions (i.e. questions that are routed more in general knowledge or answering an open ended question about an illness, disease, condition, process, or thing).Aug 24, 2023 · PICO (T) Evidence-based practice uses the PICO (T) model for formulating a searchable question. PICO (T) is a mnemonic used to describe the four elements of a good clinical foreground question: P = Population/Problem. How would I describe the problem or a group of patients similar to mine? I = Intervention. A strength of a qualitative PICO question is that it can investigate what patient satisfaction looks like, for example, instead of only reporting that 25% of patients who took a survey reported that they are satisfied. When working with qualitative questions, an alternative to using PICO in searching for sources is the SPIDER search tool.Level of Evidence What is a PICO Question? PICO is an acronym used for exploring clinical questions. It serves as a framework for evidence-based practice. P (Problem and Population) What health problem is your selected intervention intended to solve? Identify what population of people will benefit the most from your chosen intervention.PICOT: This evidence-based project answered the following question: In rehabilitation patients, what is the effect of a nurse-driven protocol (NDP) CAUTI bundle on the number of indwelling urinary catheter-related infections, compared to the current practice, over a 12-week time period? Evidence Running head: NSG 410 PICOT RESEARCH QUESTION. P Laboring women delivering in a hospital. Problem: Laboring women are constantly urged to use the lithotomy position, but this can sometimes lead to various labor complications.Jun 13, 2023 · Example 2. You are working with a recent stroke patient who is having balance issues and you are considering using virtual reality in their therapy. P = recent stroke, balance issues. I = virtual reality. C = no virtual reality. O = improved balance "In recent stroke patients, how does using virtual reality affect or improve balance?" Example 3 PICO Clinical Questions in Obstetrics & Gynaecology Prof Unit Kalubowila. 866 likes · 10 talking about this. Novel concept of Dr Dhammike Silva, Consultant OBGYN, to inspire trainees to approach... The PICOT question format is a consistent “formula” for developing answerable, researchable questions. When you write a good one, it makes the rest of the process of finding and evaluating evidence much more straightforward. P: Population/patient – age, gender, ethnicity, individuals with a certain disorder. I: Intervention/indicator ...Develop and revise questions that focus your inquiry. Create a concept map that demonstrates the relationships between concepts. Once you have selected your topic area and reviewed literature related to it, you may need to narrow it down to something that can be realistically researched and answered. In the last section, we learned about asking ...2. Foreground questions are specific knowledge questions . that affect clinical decisions and ; include a broad range of biological, psychological, and sociological issues. Foreground questions are best suited to the PICO model as it captures the essential elements of your information need to help translate that question into a search query. To ...Aug 24, 2023 · PICO (T) Evidence-based practice uses the PICO (T) model for formulating a searchable question. PICO (T) is a mnemonic used to describe the four elements of a good clinical foreground question: P = Population/Problem. How would I describe the problem or a group of patients similar to mine? I = Intervention. • Discuss the background questions as a group, and look up the answers as needed. • Find the answer to the foreground question, or have everyone write their own PICO question. • Take 5 minutes to look up the PICO answers. • Share the PICO answers and resources used. Your full PICO question is: "Among hospitalized chronic smokers, does a brief educational nursing intervention lead to long term smoking cessation [when compared with no intervention]?" PICO Question ExamplesPICO Framework. Without a well-focused question, it can be very difficult and time consuming to identify appropriate resources and search for relevant evidence. Practitioners of Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) often use a specialized framework, called PICO, to form the question and facilitate the literature search. 1 PICO stands for:Jan 20, 2010 · Clinical questions could arise in situations such as the following: You become uncertain, during a patient encounter, about the desirability of a particular diagnostic or therapeutic choice. You encounter a product advertisement in a journal in which you are encouraged to purchase and use a particular technology for your patients. Apr 29, 2011 · I need a PICO question over either pregnancy, pregnancy complications, postpartum, newborn, premature newborn, anything along those lines. I know how to make a PICO question so I am not asking that. I am just having trouble with this area and exploring things I could do one over and find articles with. Thanks! A PICO question, sometimes written as a PICOT question, comprises several elements: P – Population, patient, problem. I – Intervention. C – Comparison or control. O – Outcome or objective. T – Time frame (optional component). 📚 PICO Question Types. There are 5 key types of PICO questions. Look at the table below to learn more about ...Note: The question may also appear as: What is the effectiveness of early ambulation, compared to bed rest, on decreasing post-op DVTs in adult patients with total hip replacements. Meaning PICO Question: How do pregnant women (P) newly diagnosed with diabetes (I) experience reporting their blood sugar levels (O) to their healthcare providers? <<These are some best examples of PICOT questions for falls. 2) The Prognosis. These questions are used in the following scenarios. Used to determine the potential complications from a specific condition or the clinical course over a particular period. The following is an example of an intervention PICOT question: Jul 31, 2023 · Note: The question may also appear as: What is the effectiveness of early ambulation, compared to bed rest, on decreasing post-op DVTs in adult patients with total hip replacements. Meaning PICO Question: How do pregnant women (P) newly diagnosed with diabetes (I) experience reporting their blood sugar levels (O) to their healthcare providers? << The framework is actually divided into four major elements. A good clinical question will address most, if not all, aspects of the PICO nursing questions. The following are the parameters defined by PICO (T) when it comes to designing of clinical questions: P: Patient, Problem, Population. I: Intervention.PICOT is different from a standard research question because it is a clinical question. It is composed of various elements that create a framework for research that typical research questions do not usually have. The goal or purpose of PICOT is to ultimately intervene in someone's healthcare. Focus on prevention.The PICOT question format is a consistent “formula” for developing answerable, researchable questions. When you write a good one, it makes the rest of the process of finding and evaluating evidence much more straightforward. P: Population/patient – age, gender, ethnicity, individuals with a certain disorder. I: Intervention/indicator ...of the PICO components The PICO question is a convenient and conventional format to use when composing good clinical questions to direct an evidence-based search of research literature. PICO stands for Patient, Intervention, Comparison and Outcome; thus, there are four components of a good clinical question based on the PICO format.Sep 6, 2023 · It is important to note that there are different types or categories of PICOT questions. The category of your question can at times dictate the types of evidence that you are searching for. Determine in which category your question would best fit. Use the template to help you word it succinctly and correctly. When constructing your PICO question, a few important points to bear in mind: Your patient is a member of a population as well as a person with (or at risk for) a health problem . Factors to consider include age, sex, comorbid conditions, past medical history, socioeconomic status or other demographic variables, as these factors may impact your ... Have two essential components: Example: What causes migraines? or How often should women over the age of 40 have a mammogram? A question root (who, what, when, etc.) with a verb A disorder, test, treatment, or other aspect of healthcare The background question is usually asked because of the need for basic information.Table 2.1, PICO questions for the recommendations in women (the general population of women ...A simple database search strategy should begin with the AND : cross infection AND (Handwashing OR Hand disinfection) Start with CINAHL or Medline/PubMed as initial article databases for a scoping search for most health sciences questions.What PICO means. P: Population/disease ( i.e. age, gender, ethnicity, with a certain disorder) I: Intervention or Variable of Interest (exposure to a disease, risk behavior, prognostic factor) C: Comparison: (could be a placebo or "business as usual" as in no disease, absence of risk factor, Prognostic factor B ) O: Outcome: (risk of disease ...Clinical questions could arise in situations such as the following: You become uncertain, during a patient encounter, about the desirability of a particular diagnostic or therapeutic choice. You encounter a product advertisement in a journal in which you are encouraged to purchase and use a particular technology for your patients.Aug 16, 2023 · 2. Foreground questions are specific knowledge questions . that affect clinical decisions and ; include a broad range of biological, psychological, and sociological issues. Foreground questions are best suited to the PICO model as it captures the essential elements of your information need to help translate that question into a search query. To ... Sep 26, 2020 · The word PICOT is a mnemonic derived from the elements of a clinical research question – patient, intervention, comparison, outcome and (sometimes) time. The PICOT process begins with a case scenario, and the question is phrased to elicit an answer. “The question needs to identify the patient or population we intend to study, the ... Sep 15, 2022 · P: laboring women delivering in a hospital I: positions other than the lithotomy position C: lithotomy position O: decreased incidence of assisted deliveries In laboring women delivering in the hospital, do positions other than lithotomy position lead to a decreased incidence of assisted deliveries? CHAPTER SUB-CHAPTER QUESTION; 3. Problems of the neonate and young infant: 3.1 Routine care of the newborn at delivery: Among healthy newborn infants in low- and middle-income countries (P), does early skin-to-skin contact of the baby with the mother in the first hour of life (I) compared with drying and wrapping (C) have an impact on neonatal mortality, hypothermia or initiation/exclusivity ...Aug 17, 2023 · Once you have the components of your PICOT formula, you can frame your question in 6 different ways depending on the goal/target, the nursing practice problem, or the healthcare issue you are addressing. You can use these PICO formats as a template for asking PICOT questions. 1. Examining a Diagnosis. This is among the perfect PICOT question examples for falls. 2. The Prognosis or the Prediction. These questions are used in determining the possible complications that arise from a particular condition or the clinical course over a specific time frame. An example of an intervention PICOT questions is as follows:Jul 24, 2023 · PICO Framework. Without a well-focused question, it can be very difficult and time consuming to identify appropriate resources and search for relevant evidence. Practitioners of Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) often use a specialized framework, called PICO, to form the question and facilitate the literature search. 1 PICO stands for: [Examples modified and drawn from Glasper, A. and Rees, C. (2013) How to Write Your Nursing Dissertation] The following examples may help you put PICO into practice. Suggestions in the brackets are just extra ideas for what you might want to consider. 1) Isobel is a 45 year old woman who asks you for advice on natural ways of resolving her ...Aug 29, 2023 · Foreground questions look for answers to specific patients, problems, types of interventions, and clinical outcomes, and the PICO framework will work well with these questions. Use PICO to write a clear, researchable clinical question. The four elements of PICO break a research topic into searchable keywords and make locating evidence-based ... Jan 31, 2023 · Frame the question: write out your information need in the form of a question, for example: Does hand washing among healthcare workers reduce hospital acquired infections? The question above includes the PICO elements: What PICO means. P: Population/disease ( i.e. age, gender, ethnicity, with a certain disorder) I: Intervention or Variable of Interest (exposure to a disease, risk behavior, prognostic factor) C: Comparison: (could be a placebo or "business as usual" as in no disease, absence of risk factor, Prognostic factor B ) O: Outcome: (risk of disease ...Introduction. Stroke is a medical condition that is caused by the interruption or reduction of blood supply to the brain. This deprives the affected part of brain nutrients and oxygen supply. The biochemical processes are hence stopped, interrupted, or impaired; the brain cells can even die. Further, the condition can also be caused by bursting ...Jun 14, 2023 · A good PICO will be specific and define terms and outcomes if necessary. A good PICO will investigate something new in terms of diagnosis, etiology, therapy, harm, etc. A bad PICO is usually a background question disguised as a research question. For example, "what are the effects of Prilosec on patients taking immune suppressants" might seem ... You need to assess what reasonable clinical study population your patient could be part of. For example, if your patient is a 73 year old woman, "73 year old women" or "women in their 70s" is too specific because it is highly unlikely that clinical researchers would design a study that would exclusively enroll women in their 70s.Use the PICOT format to structure your literature search based on a clearly-stated, searchable clinical question. P = Patient Population. I = Intervention or area of Interest. C = Comparison or Control group. O = Outcome.Mar 31, 2021 · Diagnostic OR= (a/b)/ (c/d)=742.9. We would need to perform a test accuracy study to answer our question. The participants would get a mammography (index test) and a biopsy to determine the presence of breast cancer (reference test). Each test would yield a positive or negative test result. Preferably, all patients get both tests, without much ... Apr 20, 2021 · Introduction. Stroke is a medical condition that is caused by the interruption or reduction of blood supply to the brain. This deprives the affected part of brain nutrients and oxygen supply. The biochemical processes are hence stopped, interrupted, or impaired; the brain cells can even die. Further, the condition can also be caused by bursting ... Question Type & Study Design. Some study designs are better suited to answer certain types of questions. Identifying the clinical domain your question falls under can help determine what study designs to look for in order to find the best, most suitable evidence. Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses are always preferred.Jul 6, 2023 · Have two essential components: Example: What causes migraines? or How often should women over the age of 40 have a mammogram? A question root (who, what, when, etc.) with a verb A disorder, test, treatment, or other aspect of healthcare The background question is usually asked because of the need for basic information. Sep 24, 2022 · An example of a picot question comparing two groups of people is: Do- (P) Women-(I) Compared to-(C) Men-(O) Have a greater risk for-(T) picot question: Do women, compared to men, have a greater risk for developing Alzheimer’s disease? This picot question is asking about the risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease. PICO: P = population; I = intervention; C = comparator; O = outcome(s)[ref]For further information on the findings of the reviews based on the PICOs presented in this annex, refer to the EtD frameworks in Supplementary material 2.[/ref] Pre-abortion Rhisoimmunization PICO 1: No anti-D administration in unsensitized Rh-negative individuals seeking abortion (see Recommendation 8 [NEW])Jul 7, 2023 · These questions bring together multiple concepts related to a specific clinical situation or research topic. They are typically divided into two categories: Qualitative Questions aim to discover meaning or gain an understanding of a phenomena. They ask about an individual's or population's experience of certain situations or circumstances. Feb 18, 2022 · The word PICOT is a mnemonic derived from the elements of a clinical research question – patient, intervention, comparison, outcome and (sometimes) time. The PICOT process begins with a case scenario, and the question is phrased to elicit an answer. “The question needs to identify the patient or population we intend to study, the ... Nov 21, 2008 · My advice: set your question based upon what you are interested in answering. For example what if you were interested in knowing "How do side effects, both physical and psychological, effect women who have experienced treatment for cervical cancer.."-radiation therapy, sex drive/life, effects of ADL's etc... PICOT: This evidence-based project answered the following question: In rehabilitation patients, what is the effect of a nurse-driven protocol (NDP) CAUTI bundle on the number of indwelling urinary catheter-related infections, compared to the current practice, over a 12-week time period? Evidence[Examples modified and drawn from Glasper, A. and Rees, C. (2013) How to Write Your Nursing Dissertation] The following examples may help you put PICO into practice. Suggestions in the brackets are just extra ideas for what you might want to consider. 1) Isobel is a 45 year old woman who asks you for advice on natural ways of resolving her ...Your full PICO question is: "Among hospitalized chronic smokers, does a brief educational nursing intervention lead to long term smoking cessation [when compared with no intervention]?" PICO Question ExamplesMy advice: set your question based upon what you are interested in answering. For example what if you were interested in knowing "How do side effects, both physical and psychological, effect women who have experienced treatment for cervical cancer.."-radiation therapy, sex drive/life, effects of ADL's etc...Aug 28, 2023 · Different types of clinical questions are suited to different syntaxes and phrasings, but all will clearly define the PICO elements. The definitions and frames below may be helpful for organizing your question: Intervention/Therapy. Questions addressing how a clinical issue, illness, or disability is treated. My advice: set your question based upon what you are interested in answering. For example what if you were interested in knowing "How do side effects, both physical and psychological, effect women who have experienced treatment for cervical cancer.."-radiation therapy, sex drive/life, effects of ADL's etc...Aug 23, 2023 · I = Interventions. C = Comparisons. O = Outcomes. Using the earlier example question, we can break it down into a PICO question like this: P = Patient or Problem (young children) I = Interventions (distractions during immunization) C = Comparisons (no distractions/standard care) O = Outcomes (lower pain scores) You may also hear some people use ... Mar 23, 2023 · Developing a Targeted Research Question. Examine your topic to identify the major concepts you need to conduct the best searches. Some useful ways to do this include: Background planning: think of the 5 W's and H for your topic: Who - are the stakeholders, population of interest, involved parties. What - are the issues, problems, needs. PICO Question Examples It will be a time-consuming and difficult venture to identify the most appropriate resources and find relevant evidence without a well-focused question. PICO helps to form a question and facilitate quick and wider literature search.PICO framework helps to identify the main elements of a question and simplify writing a ...These are some best examples of PICOT questions for falls. 2) The Prognosis. These questions are used in the following scenarios. Used to determine the potential complications from a specific condition or the clinical course over a particular period. The following is an example of an intervention PICOT question:Table 2.1, PICO questions for the recommendations in women (the general population of women ...Jun 14, 2023 · A good PICO will be specific and define terms and outcomes if necessary. A good PICO will investigate something new in terms of diagnosis, etiology, therapy, harm, etc. A bad PICO is usually a background question disguised as a research question. For example, "what are the effects of Prilosec on patients taking immune suppressants" might seem ...
The PICOT question format is a consistent “formula” for developing answerable, researchable questions. When you write a good one, it makes the rest of the process of finding and evaluating evidence much more straightforward. P: Population/patient – age, gender, ethnicity, individuals with a certain disorder. I: Intervention/indicator .... Fandj master sales
According to Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt (2019), a randomized control trial is considered level II evidence for my PICOT question. The article by Pope et al. (2016), is a case control, cross sectional design, which would be classified as level IV evidence (Melnyk, Fineout-Overholt, 2019).Application to PICO. The articles chosen for the analysis related to the PICO question: “In the second stage of labor, what is the effect of laboring down after complete cervical dilation on mother and baby compared with pushing before cervical dilatation is complete?” The population that wasSystematic Review: A systematic review tries to identify, appraise, select and synthesize all RCTs (randomized control trials) relevant to a specific clinical question. . Stringent guidelines are set in order to draw a conclusion about whether or not there is conclusive evidence about a specfic treatment or toPICOT QUESTION PAPER: INFERTILITY Significance to Nursing In nursing, fertility is a process that begins from the second a woman states she is attempting to become pregnant but is having difficulty. Nurses are also educators, so a main component to treating a woman who has fertility issues is to make them aware of their options and issues. Aug 28, 2023 · PICO. PICO is a mnemonic used to help you clarify your clinical question. It acts as a framework, asking you to think specifically about different aspects of what you want to investigate. As you build your PICO, you should make sure that you are clear and specific about what you are looking for. This helps you target the right evidence to use ... Components of Pico. P- young adults. I- alcohol consumption. C- no alcohol consumption. O- depression. Exposure: The exposure in this case is alcohol. It is injurious to health and it makes aggressive behavior of people therefore, increasing the level of anxiety. Excessive alcohol intake can interfere with the normal process of development and ...Examples of Picot Questions. Below are good picot questions examples that can guide you to come up with picot questions. In African American female adolescents with hepatitis B (P), how does acetaminophen (I) compared to ibuprofen (C) affect liver function (O)? (Time is optional). For women who use birth control methods (P), how do birth ...PICOT 7 PMTCT What is the most effective antiviral therapy during the third trimester of pregnancy, to reduce transmission of HBsAg? P: Pregnant women in the third trimester of pregnancy (defined as 27–40 weeks gestation) with chronic hepatitis B virus infection (positive for HBsAg persistently for more than 6 months) (stratified by HBeAg ... Feb 18, 2022 · The word PICOT is a mnemonic derived from the elements of a clinical research question – patient, intervention, comparison, outcome and (sometimes) time. The PICOT process begins with a case scenario, and the question is phrased to elicit an answer. “The question needs to identify the patient or population we intend to study, the ... Finally, you will click on a button and the PICOT Research Question Generator will present the following: Your PICOT question. Your null and alternative hypotheses. Your independent variable. Your dependent variable. The statistical test used to answer your PICOT question. It should take you less than five minutes to complete the web form below.Aug 23, 2023 · I = Interventions. C = Comparisons. O = Outcomes. Using the earlier example question, we can break it down into a PICO question like this: P = Patient or Problem (young children) I = Interventions (distractions during immunization) C = Comparisons (no distractions/standard care) O = Outcomes (lower pain scores) You may also hear some people use ... .